WC
Q1
ME
The reading passage contends that there are three theories about explaining the primary functions of Great Zimbabwe: to protect people from outside invaders, to house the royal family and a religious center. On the other hand, the lecturer brings up several points to contradict this argument.
Firstly, the lecturer contends that it is unlikely that Great Zimbabwe was used as a defensive fortress. This is because it has not been reported that there is any source of water which is requisite to support habitant inside the site. In addition, the building for protecting the site like defense tower haven't also been founded yet.
Secondly, the lecturer points out that it is evident that Great Zimbabwe was not only for royal family. First of all, from some researchers, the word "zimbabwe" might imply that it is a house made of stone, not venerated house in the reading passage. Additionally, there is a record that the size of it was so huge that a lot of people lived there.
Lastly, the lecturer maintains that there has been no confirmative explanation to support the claim that Great Zimbabwe was used for religious purpose. She asserts the acoustic feature of Great Zimbabwe mentioned in the reading passage has another interpretation about its usage. For example, King used a cave in there to amplify his voice more widely by echoing across the surrounding area.
GPT
Score: 4 out of 5
Feedback:
Strengths:
Integrated Structure: Your answer clearly presents the reading's claims and then contrasts them with the lecturer's counterarguments.
Detail: You have covered all the main points from both the reading and the lecture.
Transition Words: You have used transitional phrases like "Firstly", "Secondly", and "Lastly" to effectively structure your response.
Areas for Improvement:
Clarity: Some sentences are a bit awkward or could be clearer.
"there is any source of water which is requisite to support habitant inside the site" can be revised to "there is no source of water necessary to support inhabitants inside the site."
"the building for protecting the site like defense tower haven't also been founded yet" can be rephrased to "defensive structures like towers have not been found at the site."
Grammar and Word Choice: There are minor grammatical errors that can be polished.
"a house made of stone, not venerated house" should be "a house made of stone, not a venerated house."
"King used a cave in there" can be changed to "The king used a cave there."
Concision: While detail is important, some points might be more succinctly presented to fit within the time constraint of the TOEFL speaking section.
Revised Section:
The reading passage outlines three theories about the primary functions of Great Zimbabwe: as a protective fortress, a residence for the royal family, and a religious center. However, the lecturer refutes these claims.
First, the lecturer argues that Great Zimbabwe was unlikely to serve as a defensive fortress. There is no evidence of a water source, essential for supporting inhabitants, nor have defensive structures like towers been found.
Second, the lecturer suggests that Great Zimbabwe wasn't solely for the royal family. The term "zimbabwe" might mean "a house made of stone" rather than "venerated house". Furthermore, evidence suggests the site was large enough to accommodate many residents.
Finally, the lecturer disputes the religious purpose theory. The acoustic features of Great Zimbabwe, mentioned in the reading, could have another explanation. For instance, the king might have used a cave to amplify his voice, allowing it to echo across the area."
This revised response offers the same depth of detail in a more concise and clear manner.
Teacher
TIP
☆ 요약문 쓰기에 도움이 되는 표현
• 기능
role, function
-하는 기능을 하다
function as-, serve as-, act as-,
-(명사)
work as-, be used for-, be used as-
-(동사원형)
be used to-, function to-, serve to-, work to-, act to-
-가 없다
lack-, be lack of-
(리딩내용)이 아니라 not-, instead of-, rather than-
구체적으로
to be specific, in particular
-에 살다
live in-, dwell in-, reside in-, inhabit- 타동사 (in X)
A를 B로부터 보호하다
protect A from (against) B, defend A from (against) B
☆ 요약문 쓰기에 도움이 되는 표현
-가 아니다
It is unlikely that
It is doubtful that
It is wrong to say that
It is difficult to say that
…에 따르면-라 한다.
Experts(Scientists) believe that
It is believed (by experts) that
A recent study (가산) shows that
Recent research (불가산) shows that
was a fort to = functioned as = acted as = was served as = worked as = was built as
a religious center = a place of worship
The reading passage contends that the role of Great Zimbabwe can be fully explained by three theories: a defensive fortress, a palace for the royal family, and a religious center. On the other hand, the lecture brings up several points that contradict this argument.
First, the lecturer suggests that it is unlikely that Great Zimbabwe was a fortress. It lacked a source of drinkable water, which is necessary to survive a siege. It also didn't have any other defensive structures anywhere throughout the site. This casts doubt on the reading passage's claim that Great Zimbabwe was a fort to protect its citizens.
Next, the lecturer contends that Great Zimbabwe was not intended as a royal residence. "Zimbabwe" actually means "houses of stone", which does not point to a royal purpose for the site. Moreover, experts believe that Great zimbabwe was more like a full-sized city with 20,000 inhabitants. This counters the reading passage's claim that Great zimbabwe was a royal dwelling.
Finally, the lecturer asserts that Great Zimbabwe was not a religious center. The cave on the hill was used by kings, not religious leaders. The king would have summoned his subjects from the surrounding area using the amplifying effect of the cave. This refutes the reading passage's claim that Great Zimbabwe was bulit as a place of worship.
rather than a religious leaders
instead of a religous leaders
It lacked a source of drinkable water, which is necessary to survive a siege. (동사에서는 lack of X)
Q2
ME
I understand Greg's point that it is important for students to concentrate a subject. However, in my opinion, i believe that exposing students to a lot of subjects as much as possible will be more beneficial. This is because most students between the ages of 13 and 18 doesn't know what they like. So it is more important for them to find their aptitude first and then they could concentrate on it later. For example, i had a hard time to figure out what i enjoyed. But the school provided a range of subjects and i could find out that i was interested in design. After i realized it, i could be getting more immersed in the subject and I successfully entered a good university majoring design.
GPT
Score: 3.5 out of 5
Feedback:
Strengths:
Clear Position: You've clearly taken a stance in favor of exposing students to multiple subjects.
Supporting Details: You've provided a personal example to support your perspective, which makes your answer more convincing.
Structure: Your essay follows a logical structure with an introduction, supporting points, and conclusion.
Areas for Improvement:
Grammar and Word Choice: There are minor grammatical errors and word choices that could be refined for clarity and coherence.
"most students between the ages of 13 and 18 doesn't know" should be "most students between the ages of 13 and 18 don't know".
"i believe" and other instances of "i" should be capitalized as "I believe" and "I".
"concentrate a subject" should be "concentrate on a subject".
Depth and Complexity: While you did provide a personal example, adding more varied reasons or other evidence would give your answer greater depth.
Transitions and Flow: The essay would benefit from smoother transitions to enhance the flow between sentences and ideas.
Concision: Some sentences are slightly repetitive, which doesn't add to your main point.
Revised Section:
I understand Greg's perspective on the importance of focusing deeply on one subject. However, I believe that introducing students to a wide range of subjects is more beneficial, especially during adolescence. Many students between the ages of 13 and 18 are still exploring their interests and may not know their true passions. By exposing them to various subjects, they can discover their aptitudes and later delve deeper into their chosen field. For instance, during my school years, I struggled to identify my interests. Thanks to a diverse curriculum, I discovered a passion for design. This revelation allowed me to immerse myself fully in the subject, eventually leading me to a reputable university where I majored in design."
This refined answer maintains the essence of your original content but presents it in a more polished and coherent manner.
Teacher
I believe it is much better to have different lessons on different subjects This is because learning one concept consecutively (in a consecutive manner) can lead to student fatigue and boredom.
Students may lose interest when they have to focus on the same subject for an extended period, so switching subjects can help alleviate this issue. For example, during a period when my school used to teach various subjects concurrently, I excelled academically and consistently achieved top grades. However, this changed when the emphasis shifted to one subject. I easily became bored with a single topic, and I started getting below-average grades (I started to underperform in my studies), and I could no longer enjoy my schoolwork like I used to before.
I often received below-average grades.
I did poorly in school
I underperformed in my study. especially math and science.
I struggled academically
I excel academically and consistently get top grades
I started to outdo my classmates.
I differentiate myself from other
I earned top marks in school
Classroom discussions encourage students to practice their social skills (cooperative skills, interpersonal skills) through having conversations (dialogue)
Building a strong character is more important than any academic or financial success.
Sarah often received below-average grades and it affected her self-confidence as well.
take a toll on 피해를 주다.
she struggled to understand various subjects, particularly math and science.
Ms.Kim used creative teaching methods to make Sarah excel academically.
With the support of her teachers and classmates, she started getting top grades. (academic achievement, performance)
This proves that success is not defined by initial setbacks but by the resilience to overcome them.
become disinterested = lose motivation to learn = lose enthusiasm = lose curiosity
solve = resolve = deal with = takcle
TIP
capture = maintain = sustain = retain
SC
Q1-1
ME
There are some pros and cons of allowing workers to have flexible working hours. One of the pros is that it's less stressful. This is because workers can adjust their schedules more freely. On the other hand, the major con is that there might be some misunderstanding during collaboration because the workers could not meet each other in person.
GPT
Score: 3 out of 4
Clear Structure: You presented both a pro and a con, which provides balance to the response.
Relevance: Your points are directly related to the topic and provide clear reasons for your stance.
Areas for Improvement:
Development: The points can be more fleshed out. For instance, when you mention "less stressful", you could further explain why having more freedom in scheduling reduces stress.
Clarification: Your point about misunderstanding during collaboration and not meeting in person might be slightly confusing. Flexible hours doesn’t necessarily mean remote work, so the correlation between flexible hours and not meeting in person isn't direct.
Transitions: Consider using smoother transitions between your points to improve the flow of your response.
Revised Response:
Allowing workers to have flexible working hours comes with both advantages and drawbacks. One of the clear benefits is reduced stress. With flexible hours, workers can tailor their schedules around personal commitments and peak productivity times, making their work-life balance better. However, a potential downside is the challenge in coordination and collaboration. If team members are working at different times, it might be harder to synchronize and ensure everyone is on the same page, leading to possible misunderstandings.
This revision keeps the essence of your original points but makes the connection between flexible hours and the pros and cons clearer.
Q1-2
ME
I think it's better for me to conduct an online survey. some people may not agree with me because they think that it could miss a lot of things because they can not meet each other in person. However, I think they rather can answer more genuinely because it's less burdening to answer the question online. In addition, an online survey is more efficient in terms of time and cost.
GPT
Score: 3.5 out of 4
Clear Opinion: You clearly state your stance on preferring online surveys.
Relevance: Your points directly support your opinion and address the prompt.
Reasoning: You provided solid reasons (genuine answers, efficiency in terms of time and cost) to support your stance.
Areas for Improvement:
Clarification: While your point about people answering more genuinely online is valid, you may want to clarify why. For instance, people might feel less pressured online or might feel that they can be more anonymous.
Elaboration: Your point about efficiency in terms of time and cost is well-made, but it might benefit from a brief elaboration like not having to meet in person or the speed of collecting and analyzing data online.
Revised Response:
I believe that conducting an online survey is more advantageous for me. While some might argue that it lacks the personal touch of face-to-face interaction and might miss some nuances, I find that people tend to be more candid in online settings. They might feel less pressured and appreciate the anonymity (애~~나니미티) it offers. Furthermore, online surveys are not only faster but also more cost-effective. There's no need for physical meet-ups, and responses can be quickly collected and analyzed."
This revision elaborates on your original points and makes the rationale clearer for each point.
Q1-3
ME
I think it's better for me to conduct a survey in person. some people may not agree with me because they think that it's less efficient in terms of cost and time. However, I think it's more beneficial to get an indirect message during the interview in person like the body language and their expression. Moreover, by doing a survey in person we can have a relationship with the interviewees.
GPT
Score: 3.5 out of 4
Clear Opinion: You've articulated your preference for conducting surveys in person well.
Relevance: You address the topic directly and provide relevant reasons for your stance.
Reasoning: Your points on indirect messaging like body language and building relationships with interviewees offer strong reasons for your preference.
Areas for Improvement:
Transition: Using smoother transitions or linkers between your points can make your response flow more naturally.
Specificity: It might help to be a bit more specific. For example, why is reading body language or having a relationship with the interviewees essential?
I firmly believe that conducting surveys in person holds more value for me. While some may argue that it isn't as time or cost-efficient as online methods, there are nuances to consider. Face-to-face interactions allow me to gauge respondents' reactions, including body language and facial expressions, which can provide deeper insights than just verbal responses. Additionally, conducting in-person surveys fosters a direct connection, potentially building trust and rapport with the interviewees."
This revision builds upon your original answer by offering smoother transitions and a touch more depth to your reasonss.
Q2-1
ME
according to the reading, the university has announced that they are going to construct a cafe in the reception area of the library. the woman in the conversation thinks that is not a good idea for two reasons. the first reason is that she thinks the fact that the student won't leave the library is not beneficial. This is because they're going to consume unhealthy junk food in the area and the second reason is that she disagrees with the idea that it will make students productive because it is likely to be just a social Gathering Place like a chatting with friends.
GPT
Your response is understandable and addresses the main points of the passage and conversation. Here's your assessment:
Score: 3 (Fair)
Feedback:
Grammar: There are a few grammatical errors. For instance:
"thinks that is not a good idea" could be smoother as "thinks it's not a good idea."
"a social Gathering Place like a chatting with friends" should be "a social gathering place for chatting with friends."
Vocabulary: The vocabulary you used is appropriate, but you might want to vary it a bit for better expression. For instance, "consume" could be replaced with "eat" to sound more natural. Also, "a social Gathering Place" sounds a bit formal; "a place for socializing" might be more natural.
Logical Structure: The structure is logical, and you've followed the pattern of introducing the reading's content and then detailing the woman's reasons from the conversation. However, it would be more cohesive to tie the two reasons together with a transition like "Furthermore" or "Additionally" before the second reason.
For a better score:
Try to use varied sentence structures and transitional phrases to make your response sound more fluid.
Double-check your grammar.
Aim to make your speech sound natural and conversational.
With practice and attention to these areas, you can certainly improve your response.
According to the reading, the university plans to construct a cafe in the reception area of the library. However, the woman in the conversation believes this isn't a wise decision for two main reasons. Firstly, she's concerned that students remaining in the library might end up frequently eating unhealthy junk food from the cafe. Secondly, she challenges the idea that the cafe will boost productivity, suggesting instead that it might simply become a place for socializing and chatting with friends.
Q2-2
ME
According to the reading, the university has announced that students will take advantage of a new course checker website to make sure that they meet their requirements. the woman in the conversation thinks that it's a good idea for two reasons the first reason is that she thinks students have many different classes which make hard to keep track of them. For example, one of her friends forgot some of her courses and in the end she graduated a little late. and the second reason is that this policy makes other advisors less burdened and rather they can spend a time with more critical issues like a switching major and how they can upgrade their grade.
GPT
Your answer does capture the essence of the reading and the woman's perspective. However, there are a few grammatical and structural issues to address.
Score: 3 out of 4
Feedback:
Grammar: There are a few minor grammar issues. For example:
"students have many different classes which make hard" should be "students have many different classes which make it hard". "spend a time" should be "spend time".
Vocabulary: Your vocabulary usage is mostly apt, but the phrasing in some parts could be clearer. For instance, "how they can upgrade their grade" might be better expressed as "how they can improve their grades".
Logical Structure: The transition between the reading's main point and the woman's reasons could be smoother. Using clearer transition words or phrases would help in distinguishing between the reading's perspective and the woman's perspective.
Modified Answer:
According to the reading, the university has introduced a new course checker website to assist students in ensuring they meet all their requirements. The woman in the conversation believes this is a beneficial move for two main reasons. Firstly, she mentions that students often juggle numerous classes, making it challenging to keep track of all their course requirements. She cites an example of her friend who overlooked some courses, leading to a delay in her graduation. Secondly, she feels this website will alleviate some of the workload on academic advisors, allowing them to focus on addressing more pressing student concerns, such as changing majors or strategies to improve academic performance.
Q3-1
ME
According to the reading, suspension of disbelief is when we accept performance of a play as a reality. the professor describes his personal experience to explain this. he was invited by his roommate to a play and he felt a strange first time when he saw his roommate because his roommate wore like a teenager. so he first only saw his roommate in a play. But after some scenery, he was getting immersed in a play and he felt a range of emotion from a sad to getting mad and finally he even move to his tear in the end of a play. this is the example of suspension of disbelief.
GPT
Score: 2.5 out of 4
Feedback:
Grammar:
"accept performance of a play as a reality" should be "accept the performance of a play as reality".
"he felt a strange first time" could be rephrased as "he felt strange the first time".
"his roommate wore like a teenager" should be "his roommate dressed like a teenager".
"after some scenery" should be "after some scenes".
"move to his tear" should be "moved to tears".
Vocabulary:
Using "felt strange" seems too general; a more specific expression or adjective might better convey the professor's initial reaction.
"move to his tear" is not a common expression; "moved to tears" is the more standard phrase.
Logical Structure:
The transition from the reading's main point to the professor's personal experience is a bit abrupt. Transition words or phrases would make the flow smoother. The idea of the professor's initial disbelief shifting to full engagement (suspension of disbelief) needs to be better emphasized to tie back to the reading's main point.
Modified Answer:
According to the reading, the "suspension of disbelief" refers to our ability to accept the events in a play or performance as reality, even if they are implausible. The professor illustrated this concept using his personal experience. Once, he attended a play in which his roommate was acting. Initially, he felt strange seeing his roommate dressed as a teenager, which was out of character for him. At first, the professor was more focused on his roommate's odd attire than the storyline. However, as the play progressed and various scenes unfolded, he became deeply immersed. The professor's emotions ranged from sadness to anger, and by the end of the play, he was moved to tears. This entire experience serves as a prime example of the "suspension of disbelief".
Q3-2
ME
According to the reading, social loafing happens when there is a lack of individual motivation when people engage in a group activities. the Professor describes an experiment to explain this. In a study, researcher asked participant to do a simple task which removes shell from eggs. there are two types of groups. the first group they worked by themselves and the other group they worked together and researcher found that the average number of tasks done in the first group who worked by themselves is more than the group worked together. This is the example of social loafing.
GPT
Score: 2.5 out of 4
Feedback:
Grammar:
"group activities" should be "group activity" or "group tasks".
"researcher asked participant" should be "researchers asked participants".
"removes shell from eggs" should be "removing shells from eggs".
"the first group they worked by themselves" should be "in the first group, they worked by themselves".
Vocabulary:
The phrasing "a simple task which removes shell from eggs" could be made clearer, perhaps as "a simple task of removing shells from eggs".
"the group worked together" might be better expressed as "the group that worked collectively".
Logical Structure:
The transition between the reading's main idea and the professor's experiment could be smoother. The conclusion needs a little more emphasis on tying back the experiment to the reading's main point about social loafing.
According to the reading, "social loafing" refers to the phenomenon where individual motivation decreases when people participate in group tasks. The professor cited an experiment to shed light on this concept. In this study, researchers assigned participants a simple task: removing shells from eggs. Participants were divided into two groups. In the first group, individuals worked alone, while in the second group, participants collaborated on the task. Interestingly, researchers discovered that the average number of tasks completed by individuals working alone surpassed that of the group working collectively. This outcome effectively illustrates the concept of social loafing.
Q4-1
ME
in this lecture the professor describes two ways that a product packaging can be designed to appeal to Consumers. He gives two examples to explain this the. first one is that packaging should be convenient to use for consumers. For example people had a hard time to use glass bottel for getting Out of source so they make a flexible component so people easily squeeze and coming out of source smoothly. the second thing is that packaging should be attractive when people consider buying cookie they rather choose metal thin box rather than cardboard box because people imagine that when guests come they like the aesthetic one.
GPT
Score: 2 out of 4
Feedback:
Grammar:
"He gives two examples to explain this the." - "the" at the end is unnecessary.
"people had a hard time to use" should be "people had a hard time using".
"for getting Out of source" - "Out" shouldn't be capitalized and "source" is unclear; probably meant "sauce".
"and coming out of source smoothly" should be "and the sauce comes out smoothly".
"the second thing is that packaging" can be smoother as "secondly, packaging".
Vocabulary:
"glass bottel" should be "glass bottle".
"metal thin box" is a bit awkward; it might be better as "tin metal box".
Logical Structure:
The introduction is okay but could use a smoother transition into the examples.
The examples need clearer setup and conclusion, particularly emphasizing the relation to consumer appeal.
Modified Answer:
In the lecture, the professor outlines two primary strategies for designing product packaging that appeals to consumers. He provides two illustrative examples. First, he emphasizes the importance of user convenience. As an instance, he mentions that consumers found it challenging to extract sauce from glass bottles. Responding to this, manufacturers designed bottles with flexible components, allowing users to easily squeeze and pour the sauce. Secondly, the visual appeal of packaging plays a crucial role in consumer choices. The professor notes that when buying cookies, consumers tend to prefer tin metal boxes over cardboard ones, imagining scenarios where they might present the product to guests and preferring the more aesthetically pleasing option.
Q4-2
ME
In this lecture, the professor describes two special adaptations that see birds have developed that help hem to find food. he provides two examples to explain this. the first one is that they have acute sense of vision. For example, gannet, they have unique feature their adapted eye let them find their prey in a very long distance and when they detect a fish they swoop and dive into the water. the second one is that they have a large wingspan for example a certain kind of pelican they have very huge wingspan which is very energy efficient to fly so they can travel a lot of long distance for foraging food using their frying techniques and energy efficient wing.
GPT
Score: 2 out of 4
Feedback:
Grammar:
The first sentence contains a typo: "see birds" should be "seabirds".
"help hem" should be "help them".
The phrasing "they have unique feature their adapted eye" is a bit jumbled.
"a lot of long distance" isn't the ideal phrase; it's more common to say "a great distance" or "long distances".
The term "frying techniques" appears to be a typo or misunderstanding; possibly, you intended "flying techniques".
The sentences would benefit from more precise punctuation.
Vocabulary:
While the answer has relevant vocabulary, some word choices and phrases could be more academic or refined.
Logical Structure:
The answer is organized with a clear introduction, and examples follow the points made.
Each point is supported with an example, which is appropriate for this type of question.
Modified Answer:
In the discussion, the professor elaborates on two distinct adaptations that seabirds possess, aiding them in their quest for food. Firstly, seabirds, such as the gannet, are equipped with an exceptionally acute sense of vision. This unique adaptation enables them to spot prey from significant distances. Upon identifying a fish, they swiftly swoop down and dive into the water to catch it. Secondly, many seabirds have expansive wingspans. The pelican, for instance, boasts a considerable wingspan. This feature is not only energy-efficient for flight but also allows them to cover vast distances in search of food, capitalizing on their aerodynamic capabilities.
Book
In the lecture, the professor explains two special adaptations of sea birds to find food.
And the professor gives two examples to explain this. The first adaptation is an acute sense of vision. For example, unlike other birds, the gannet is a sea bird that can spot prey that is far away. With their highly developed eyes, the gannet can detect fish below the surface. So they can dive into the water and catch the prey. The second adaptation is a large wingspan. The great white pelican, for example, spends a lot of time flying over the ocean water to find food. But thanks to their huge wingspan, they do not have to use a lot of energy when flying. Unlike most birds, great white pelicans can travel long distances while foraging with their long wings and flying technique. These are the adaptations of seabirds to find food.
VOCA
Hackers
Day 6
hitherto = previously so far until now
The rose bushes that had hitherto looked dead suddenly produced flowers.
incite = stimulate provoke inflame supr
The love poem incited Todd's emotions and he asked his girlfrend to marry him.
strew = scatter sprinkle disperse
The tsunami strewed debris over several miles of shoreline.
hazard = risk danger peril jeopardy
unwieldy (윌디) = difficult to manage awkward
ephemeral (어페머럴)
sever (세벌) severity (세벌리티)
empirical (임피리컬)
exude (iɡˈzo͞od, 에그주드)
acute (əˈkyo͞ot, 어큐트)
scrutiny ˈskro͞otnē 스쿠르티니
after much scrutiny, experts determined that the painting was authentic.
eclectic əˈklektik 어클레틱
Social media sites reflect the eclectic opinions that exist in society today.
palatial pəˈlāSHəl 펄레이셜
Many tourists visit Beverly Hills to see the palatial homes of celebrities.
peril ˈperəl 페럴
voracious vəˈrāSHəs 보레이셔스
DAY9
allege əˈlej 얼레지
allegiance əˈlējəns 얼리전스
Anarchy ˈanərkē 애날키
derive dəˈrīv 딜라이브
antagonize anˈtaɡəˌnīz 적대하다
equivocal əˈkwivək(ə)l 어퀴비컬
GRE
adulate = blandish fawn flatter toady
He snobbishly adulates the rich
She wanted her staff to adulate her.
disparage = deride mock ridicule scoff sneer backbite decry
equitable (에퀴티벌) unbiased
eager = avid (에비드) ardent vehement (비헤멘트) zealous
evanescent (에비네센트) = ephemeral (이페머럴) momentary passing temporary transient transitory
extraneous (엑스트레이니어스) = irrelevant unconnected unrelated
extraterrestrial
feckless = ineffective useless worthless incompetent
a feckless waste of time
intransigent = dogged headstrong intractable obdurate obstinate stubborn
exigent 위급한 급박한 indigent 가난한
loquacious (로퀘이셔스) = talkative garrulous verbose
eloquent (엘러퀜트) 달변인, 감명 주는 obloquy 욕설 비난 불명예 soiloquy 독백
lurid = colorful garish (갤러시) gaudy sensational shocking
magnanimous = charitable clement generous lenient (리니언트)
equanimous 침착한 태연한 pusillanimous 소심한 우유부단한
He is famous for being magnanimous.
obsequious = fawning flattering sycophantic toadying
an obsequious manner
placebo 플라시포
placatory 회유하는 placid 차분한 조용한 complaisant 공손한
pretentious = affected ostentatious genteel grandiose
repudiate (리퓨데이트) = reject deny disclaim renounce
pudency 수줍음 impudicity 음탕함 불손함
sporadic = infrequent intermittent irregular
tendentious = biased one-sided prejudiced partial partisan
distend 팽창하다
torpor = boredom ennui languor lassitude lethargy tedium
trifling = insignificant negligible (네글러지블) nugatory paltry trivial
unfathomable = immeasurable
vacuous = fatuous foolish inane injudicious obtuse silly stupid
audacious = bold daring dauntless intrepid foolhardy rash reckless brazen impudent shameless
boon = blessing advantage benefit
bonanza 행운
abject 비열한 deject 낙담하다 eject 해고하다 inject 주사하다
cunning = artifice chicanery (시케이너리) guile (가일) ruse trick
cursory = hasty superficial perfunctory
derivative = copied imitative unoriginal
divergence = difference discrepancy inequality variance
converge 수렴하다 convergence 수렴 집중 diverge 발산하다 verge 가장자리 경계 on the verge of ~직전에
dogmatic = authoritarian autocratic despotic dictatorial tyrannical
flout = deride despise disdain mock ridicule scoff scorn