Q1
Reading:
For hundreds of years, the Anasazi civilization flourished in the Four Corners area of the American Southwest. However, near the end of the 13th century, the Anasazi mysteriously disappeared. Many experts agrer that they abandoned their homeland in response to a severe drought. The first indication that drought caused this migration is that bones from Anasazi graves show clear signs of malnutrition.
When researchers tested human remains from a number of sites, they found evidence of inadequate diet, such as vitamin deficiencies and stunted growth in children. This suggests that the lack of rainfall made it impossible to grow sufficient crops to feed the large population, forcing them to leave their homes. A second reason to believe that they were responding to a drought is the condition of the abandoned settlements.
Archaeological excavations have revealed that the Anasazi sealed up the granaries with clay and blocked off the town entrances with wooden beams. The Anasazi probably took these significant steps to preserve their communities because they planned to reoccupy them later. This is consistent with what the Anasazi had done in response to earlier dry spells. In fact, many experts believe that vacating and reclaiming individual settlements is a strategy that was commonly used by the Anasazi to cope with droughts. Finally, the fact that most of the Anasazi eventually resettled in areas with reliable water supplies demonstrates that drought was the motivation for the journey. The new settlements were founded in regions with dependable streams and more favorable rainfall, such as the drainage basin of the Rio Grande River. This movement towards places with more abundant water indicates that the Anasazi were trying to escape drought conditions.
Listening:
There's this widely held belief that a drought is the cause of the Anasazi migration in the 13th century. Yet, there is still a lot of controversy about this theory. In fact, the evidence provided to support it has some serious issues. First, the discovery of bones with signs of malnutrition doesn't mean anything. You see, health issues due to poor diet and insufficient food were common among the Anasazi people regardless of annual crop yields. Some archaeologists estimate that up to 45 percent of Anasazi children suffered from malnutrition, even during years of bountiful harvests. This is because the farmers gave most of their crops to the religious elite . .. Um, it is known that they received tribute in the form of food from the lower classes to perform religious ceremonies.
And then there's the claim that the Anasazi planned to return to their communities once the drought ended. If this is true, then the obvious question is . .. well, why didn't they return? I mean, it's believed that the dry period ended shortly after the Anasazi left, with the climate in their homeland gradually reverting to normal from, uh, 1300 to 1340. If they had left because of the drought, then they would have come back once it was over. Now, the last thing I want to point out is that many of the Anasazi settled in areas that did not actually have adequate water supplies. Um, for example, some Anasazi relocated to the, uh, mesas of modern-day Arizona. These elevated areas of land have very little moisture and are not suitable for agriculture. It seems highly unlikely that people fleeing from drought would choose to settle in a region with even harsher conditions.
Me:
The reading passages contends that why the Anasazi disappeared can be fully understood by three theories. On the other hand, the lecturer brings up several point to contradict this claim.
First, the lecturer asserts that why they left has nothing with their malnutrition. She highlights that malnutrition among these people was very common. This is because the crops from lower people were usually used for religious purpose. According to the research, about 45% of children even suffered from malnutrition in harvest season of the era. This casts doubt on reading passage's claim that drought caused malnutrition which triggered their migration.
Second, the lecturer contends that their customs of vacating and reclaiming settlements can not explain the reason. This is because it was reported that they returned to the area when drought even ended. If this would have been relevant, they should not have come back to the area after drought. This counters the reading passage's claim that they were responding to a drought is the condition of the abandoned settlements.
Lastly, the lecturer points out that water supply does not related to their moving. this is because the place where they moved was not adequate for water supply. For instance, they moved to the one of the region in Arizona where there was no moisture and farming. This refutes reading passage's claim that resettled in areas with reliable water supplies demonstrates that drought was the motivation for the journey.
GPT:
Your response demonstrates a good understanding of the task and reflects the main points from the reading and listening passages.
Here's the grading according to the ETS TOEFL rubric:
Score 4 out of 5 on Organization: Your essay has clear structure, but there is room for improvement in terms of transitions and flow. Try to use transition words (like furthermore, in addition, however, on the other hand) to make your essay read more smoothly.
Score 4 out of 5 on Development and Support: Your essay includes relevant details from the reading and listening passages. However, some points could be further elaborated and explained in a clearer way to ensure that someone unfamiliar with the passages would fully understand your essay.
Score 3 out of 5 on Language Use: While you've made your points clear, there are several grammatical errors, awkward phrases and incorrect prepositions. For instance, "the lecturer brings up several point to contradict this claim" should be "several points". The sentence "it was reported that they returned to the area when drought even ended" is awkward and could be better phrased as "they reportedly returned to the area once the drought ended".
Score 3 out of 5 on Topic Development: While you've included the main points from both the reading and listening passages, some points could have been better integrated and more fully developed. There were times when you contradicted the reading passage without fully explaining why the listening passage did so.
Overall, your essay demonstrates good potential. With more practice and focus on smooth transitions, clearer explanations, and correct grammar, you'll be able to improve your writing. Here's a modified version of your essay:
"The reading passage proposes three theories explaining the Anasazi's disappearance, which are disputed by the lecturer.
Firstly, the lecturer challenges the claim that malnutrition led to the Anasazi's migration. She emphasizes that malnutrition was common among these people, with around 45% of children suffering from it even during bountiful harvest seasons, as the majority of crops were used for religious purposes. This raises doubts about the reading passage's assertion that drought-induced malnutrition triggered their migration.
Secondly, the lecturer contests the reading passage's theory about the Anasazi's vacating and reclaiming settlements in response to drought. She suggests that this isn't valid since they reportedly returned to their homelands once the drought had ended. If drought had been the primary reason for their migration, they likely would not have returned to the area afterwards.
Lastly, the lecturer contradicts the reading passage's claim about the significance of water supplies in the Anasazi's relocation. She points out that they moved to regions with inadequate water supplies, such as certain areas of Arizona, which contradicts the reading passage's assertion that resettlement in areas with reliable water supplies indicates drought as a motivator for their journey."
Remember to review your response for grammatical errors and improve coherence by using transition words and phrases.
Teacher:
The lecturer argues that the evidence to support a 13th-century drought causing the Anasazi migration has serious issues. This contradicts the reading passage's claim that Anasazi left their homes because of a drought.
The reading passage contends that the decline of the Anasazi civilization was due to serious drought. On the other hand, the lecturer brings up several points that contradict this argument.
First, the lecture contends that the discovery of bones that show signs of malnutrition doesn't mean anything. Health issues related to poor diet were common among the Anasazi people regardless of crop yields. This is because the religious elite received tribute in the form of food. This casts doubt on the reading passage's claim that the signs of malnutrition on the bones suggest that a drought caused the migration.
Next, the lecturer points out that the Anasazi did not plan to return when the drought was over. Shortly after the Anasazi left, the dry period came to an end and the climate reverted to normal. If they had left because of the drought, they would have come back then. This counters the reading passage's claim that the state of their settlements proves that the Anasazi were reacting to a dry spell.
Finally, the lecturer maintains that many of the Anasazi people settled in areas that didn't have adequate water. For example, some people relocated to Arizona that had little moisture. It is not likely that people fleeing from drought would choose a region with harsher conditions. This refutes the reading passage's claim that the Anasazi moved to regions with dependable water.
Type1:
X의 멸망
1번설
2번설
3번설
X의 멸망은 Y 때문이다.
1번 근거
2번 근거
3번 근거
근거 반박: 믿을 수 없다. 다른 것으로 설명된다. 새로운 정보/근거가 있다.
Type2:
X의 멸망은 Y 때문이다. vs 아니다 Z 떄문이다.
1번 근거
2번 근거
3번 근거
근거 반박: Z로도 설명이 된다. Z와 더 일치한다. Z를 입증하는 새로운 근거나 정보가 있다.
주요 단어 (~와 일치하다.)
coincide with-
correspond to -
accord with -
be consistent with -
match up with -
because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to
a severe drought, a serious drought
come to an end
ever to normal
the collapse of, the fall of, the downfall of, the decline of, the end of,
collapse, vanish, disappear, be destroyed, be abandoned
cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise to, be responsible for, be the cause of, be the reason for
be attributed to, be caused by, be due to, be triggered by, result from
prove, verify, show
Indication, sign, evidence
suggest, show
condition, state
responding to reacting to
reliable dependable
A와 관련된 B는 흔했다. (C와 상관 없이)
-> B related to A was common regardless of C
Health issues related to poor diet were common among the people regardless of crop yields
The fungus related to CCD was common among healthy bees regardless of crop yields.
I understand why Finn thinks that he disagrees with the idea that street art should be admitted as an art. However, in my opinion, I believe that street art is a certain kind kind of an art. This is because it can have a special artistic expression. Of course, sometimes it might damage to private or public properties. But, it has to be dealt with in a matter of regulation, not necessarily be degraded as an art form. For instance, local government could provide a space for art graffiti to make artist express their art without concern.
Q2
Me:
I understand why Finn thinks that he disagrees with the idea that street art should be admitted as an art. However, in my opinion, I believe that street art is a certain kind kind of an art. This is because it can have a special artistic expression. Of course, sometimes it might damage to private or public properties. But, it has to be dealt with in a matter of regulation, not necessarily be degraded as an art form. For instance, local government could provide a space for art graffiti to make artist express their art without concern.
GPT:
Your response provides a clear opinion and argument on the topic. Let's look at how it would score on the ETS TOEFL rubric:
Score 4 out of 5 on Organization: Your response is clear and easy to follow. It would benefit from a more structured organization. For instance, introduce your points in the first paragraph, expand on them in the body, and summarize them in the conclusion.
Score 3 out of 5 on Development and Support: You've made a good argument for street art being considered a form of art, but there is room to develop this point further and provide more substantial evidence.
Score 4 out of 5 on Language Use: The language you've used is fairly clear and there are minor errors that don't significantly impact comprehension. However, phrases like "certain kind kind" are awkward and should be avoided.
Score 3 out of 5 on Topic Development: You've provided a clear opinion, but the discussion could be more nuanced, considering different perspectives and providing more concrete examples.
Here's a revised version of your response:
"I can understand why Finn might argue that street art shouldn't be considered as art. However, I respectfully disagree and believe that street art is indeed a form of art. This is because it provides a unique platform for artistic expression that differs from conventional forms. While it is true that street art can sometimes lead to property damage, this issue should be addressed through regulations, rather than devaluing the art form itself. For instance, local governments could designate specific areas for street artists, providing them a canvas to express their creativity without infringing on others' property. Therefore, instead of discounting street art as a valid art form, we should seek ways to encourage its positive aspects while minimizing potential harm."
Remember to always proofread your responses to avoid repeating words and to improve sentence flow. Also, develop your points further to provide a more compelling argument. Keep practicing!
Teacher:
I understand why Leslie think that street art is considered a genuine art form. However, in my opinion, street art is not a legitimate means of artistic expression. The main reason is that drawing or painting on someone else property is basically a form of vandalism. Street art involves the use of materials that leave marks on buildings that are extremely difficult to remove. In my case, discovering that a street artist had made use of my property was not pleasant a couple of years ago, I noticed that someone had spray-painted all over the side of my house. I spent hour trying to clean it off before giving up and paying to have it removed. Overall, I believe that street art is more of a threat to public and private property than it is an authentic art form.
a means of, as a way of, as a method of,
Beautify public spaces
More accessible
Creative expression
Both A and B,
A as well as B (A강조)
Not only A but also B (B강조)
Such A as B = Such geniuses as Bill Gates are rare (A에다가 수일치)